The Sources Behind Learn About Pearls
Every number and date on Learn About Pearls is cited, and every citation points to one of the sources below. Each source also has an archived copy, so a citation still works if the original page moves or changes.
How sources are chosen is set out in the editorial policy. Gem laboratories, standards bodies, peer-reviewed research, government data and museums come first, and retail websites are never primary sources. The datasets use the same source ids.
The list holds 75 sources in 7 groups.
Gem laboratories and gemological institutes
- Gemological Institute of America (GIA), Analysis & Grading. How GIA Identifies and Classifies Pearls. Original: How GIA Identifies and Classifies Pearls · Archived copy: How GIA Identifies and Classifies Pearls
- Gemological Institute of America (GIA), Birthstones. June Birthstones. Original: June Birthstones · Archived copy: June Birthstones
- Gemological Institute of America (GIA), FAQ. What's AAA-quality tanzanite?. Original: What's AAA-quality tanzanite? · Archived copy: What's AAA-quality tanzanite?
- Gemological Institute of America (GIA), FAQ. What pearl classification system does GIA use?. Original: What pearl classification system does GIA use? · Archived copy: What pearl classification system does GIA use?
- Gemological Institute of America (GIA), FAQ. What are the main types of cultured pearls and what are their distinctive characteristics?. Original: What are the main types of cultured pearls and what are their distinctive characteristics? · Archived copy: What are the main types of cultured pearls and what are their distinctive characteristics?
- Gemological Institute of America (GIA), Gem Encyclopedia. Pearl. Original: Pearl · Archived copy: Pearl
- Gemological Institute of America (GIA), Gem Encyclopedia. Pearl Buyer's Guide. Original: Pearl Buyer's Guide · Archived copy: Pearl Buyer's Guide
- Gemological Institute of America (GIA), Gem Encyclopedia. Pearl Care and Cleaning Guide. Original: Pearl Care and Cleaning Guide · Archived copy: Pearl Care and Cleaning Guide
- Gemological Institute of America (GIA), Gem Encyclopedia. Pearl Description. Original: Pearl Description · Archived copy: Pearl Description
- Gemological Institute of America (GIA), Gem Encyclopedia. Pearl History and Lore. Original: Pearl History and Lore · Archived copy: Pearl History and Lore
- Gemological Institute of America (GIA), Gem Encyclopedia. Pearl Quality Factors. Original: Pearl Quality Factors · Archived copy: Pearl Quality Factors
- Gemological Institute of America (GIA), News & Research (2015). Tips on Caring for Jewelry. Original: Tips on Caring for Jewelry · Archived copy: Tips on Caring for Jewelry
- Nanthaporn Nilpetploy, Kwanreun Lawanwong, Promlikit Kessrapong, Areeya Manustrong and Nicholas Sturman (2021). A study on improving the surface appearance of low-quality Pinctada maxima bead cultured pearls. Original: A study on improving the surface appearance of low-quality Pinctada maxima bead cultured pearls · Archived copy: A study on improving the surface appearance of low-quality Pinctada maxima bead cultured pearls
- Phoebe Shang (2026). Freshwater Akoyas – A Trending Misnomer for Certain Freshwater Pearls. Original: Freshwater Akoyas – A Trending Misnomer for Certain Freshwater Pearls · Archived copy: Freshwater Akoyas – A Trending Misnomer for Certain Freshwater Pearls
- Swiss Gemmological Institute SSEF. Pearls (SSEF reports). Original: Pearls (SSEF reports) · Archived copy: Pearls (SSEF reports)
Standards, trade bodies and regulations
- Assemblée de la Polynésie française (Journal officiel de la Polynésie française) (2017). Loi du pays n° 2017-16 du 18 juillet 2017 réglementant les activités professionnelles liées à la production et la commercialisation des produits perliers et nacriers en Polynésie française. Original: Loi du pays n° 2017-16 du 18 juillet 2017 réglementant les activités professionnelles liées à la production et la commercialisation des produits perliers et nacriers en Polynésie française · Archived copy: Loi du pays n° 2017-16 du 18 juillet 2017 réglementant les activités professionnelles liées à la production et la commercialisation des produits perliers et nacriers en Polynésie française
- CIBJO Pearl Commission (2025). CIBJO Guides Describing and Classifying Natural and Cultured Pearls, the Producing Molluscs & Responsible Pearling. Original: CIBJO Guides Describing and Classifying Natural and Cultured Pearls, the Producing Molluscs & Responsible Pearling · Archived copy: CIBJO Guides Describing and Classifying Natural and Cultured Pearls, the Producing Molluscs & Responsible Pearling
- CIBJO, The World Jewellery Confederation (2021). CIBJO Retailers' Reference Guide: Pearls. Original: CIBJO Retailers' Reference Guide: Pearls · Archived copy: CIBJO Retailers' Reference Guide: Pearls
- CIBJO, The World Jewellery Confederation, Pearl Commission (2026). The CIBJO Pearl Book (Pearl Blue Book) 2026. Original: The CIBJO Pearl Book (Pearl Blue Book) 2026 · Archived copy: The CIBJO Pearl Book (Pearl Blue Book) 2026
- Jewelers of America. Birthstones. Original: Birthstones · Archived copy: Birthstones
- U.S. Federal Trade Commission (Electronic Code of Federal Regulations). 16 CFR Part 23, Guides for the Jewelry, Precious Metals, and Pewter Industries. Original: 16 CFR Part 23, Guides for the Jewelry, Precious Metals, and Pewter Industries · Archived copy: 16 CFR Part 23, Guides for the Jewelry, Precious Metals, and Pewter Industries
- World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) (2024). Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.2. Original: Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.2 · Archived copy: Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.2
Journals and research
- Anukul Belanke, Roxane Bhot Jain, Nishka Vaz and Abeer Al-Alawi (2026). A Fashioned Dyed Shell Imitation Pearl. Original: A Fashioned Dyed Shell Imitation Pearl · Archived copy: A Fashioned Dyed Shell Imitation Pearl
- Areeya Manustrong (2018). Very Small Akoya Cultured Pearls. Original: Very Small Akoya Cultured Pearls · Archived copy: Very Small Akoya Cultured Pearls
- Artitaya Homkrajae (2016). Spectral Characteristics of Pinctada mazatlanica and Pinctada margaritifera Pearl Oyster Species. Original: Spectral Characteristics of Pinctada mazatlanica and Pinctada margaritifera Pearl Oyster Species · Archived copy: Spectral Characteristics of Pinctada mazatlanica and Pinctada margaritifera Pearl Oyster Species
- Artitaya Homkrajae (2024). Remarkably Large Akoya Bead Cultured Pearls. Original: Remarkably Large Akoya Bead Cultured Pearls · Archived copy: Remarkably Large Akoya Bead Cultured Pearls
- Artitaya Homkrajae, Nanthaporn Nilpetploy, Areeya Manustrong, Nicholas Sturman, Kwanreun Lawanwong and Promlikit Kessrapong (2021). Internal Structures of Known Pinctada maxima Pearls: Cultured Pearls from Operated Marine Mollusks. Original: Internal Structures of Known Pinctada maxima Pearls: Cultured Pearls from Operated Marine Mollusks · Archived copy: Internal Structures of Known Pinctada maxima Pearls: Cultured Pearls from Operated Marine Mollusks · DOI 10.5741/GEMS.57.3.186
- Chunhui Zhou and others (2021). Detection of Color Treatment and Optical Brightening in Chinese Freshwater "Edison" Pearls. Original: Detection of Color Treatment and Optical Brightening in Chinese Freshwater "Edison" Pearls · Archived copy: Detection of Color Treatment and Optical Brightening in Chinese Freshwater "Edison" Pearls · DOI 10.5741/GEMS.57.2.124
- Chunhui Zhou and W. Henry Towbin (2024). Applications of X-Ray Radiography and X-Ray Computed Microtomography in Gemology. Original: Applications of X-Ray Radiography and X-Ray Computed Microtomography in Gemology · Archived copy: Applications of X-Ray Radiography and X-Ray Computed Microtomography in Gemology · DOI 10.5741/GEMS.60.4.582
- Chunhui Zhou, Artitaya Homkrajae, Joyce Wing Yan Ho, Akira Hyatt and Nicholas Sturman (2012). Update on the Identification of Dye Treatment in Yellow or "Golden" Cultured Pearls. Original: Update on the Identification of Dye Treatment in Yellow or "Golden" Cultured Pearls · Archived copy: Update on the Identification of Dye Treatment in Yellow or "Golden" Cultured Pearls · DOI 10.5741/GEMS.48.4.284
- Chunhui Zhou, Joyce Wing Yan Ho, Sally Chan, Jessie Yixin Zhou, Surjit Dillon Wong and Kyaw Soe Moe (2016). Identification of "Pistachio" Colored Pearls Treated by Ballerina Pearl Co.. Original: Identification of "Pistachio" Colored Pearls Treated by Ballerina Pearl Co. · Archived copy: Identification of "Pistachio" Colored Pearls Treated by Ballerina Pearl Co. · DOI 10.5741/GEMS.52.1.50
- Doug Fiske and Jeremy Shepherd (2007). Continuity and Change in Chinese Freshwater Pearl Culture. Original: Continuity and Change in Chinese Freshwater Pearl Culture · Archived copy: Continuity and Change in Chinese Freshwater Pearl Culture · DOI 10.5741/GEMS.43.2.138
- Emiko Yazawa and Chunhui Zhou (2024). Irradiated and Dyed Akoya Pearls. Original: Irradiated and Dyed Akoya Pearls · Archived copy: Irradiated and Dyed Akoya Pearls
- GIA staff (2025). Converge 2025 Speaker Presentations. Original: Converge 2025 Speaker Presentations · Archived copy: Converge 2025 Speaker Presentations
- H. A. Hänni (2006). A short review of the use of "keshi" as a term to describe pearls. Original: A short review of the use of "keshi" as a term to describe pearls · Archived copy: A short review of the use of "keshi" as a term to describe pearls · DOI 10.15506/JoG.2006.30.1.51
- H. Lyster Jameson (1921). The Japanese Artificially Induced Pearl. Original: The Japanese Artificially Induced Pearl · Archived copy: The Japanese Artificially Induced Pearl · DOI 10.1038/107396a0
- Jessie Yixin Zhou and Chunhui Zhou (2014). Shell Pearl as a Pearl Imitation. Original: Shell Pearl as a Pearl Imitation · Archived copy: Shell Pearl as a Pearl Imitation
- Joyce Wing Yan Ho and Sally Chan Shih (2021). Pearl Classification: The GIA 7 Pearl Value Factors. Original: Pearl Classification: The GIA 7 Pearl Value Factors · Archived copy: Pearl Classification: The GIA 7 Pearl Value Factors
- June Hanano, Mary Wildman and Philip G. Yurkiewicz (1990). Majorica Imitation Pearls. Original: Majorica Imitation Pearls · Archived copy: Majorica Imitation Pearls · DOI 10.5741/GEMS.26.3.178
- Karan Rajguru, Anukul Belanke and Abeer Al-Alawi (2025). Imitation Seed Pearl with Blue X-Ray Fluorescence. Original: Imitation Seed Pearl with Blue X-Ray Fluorescence · Archived copy: Imitation Seed Pearl with Blue X-Ray Fluorescence
- Kwanreun Lawanwong, Ravenya Atchalak and Emiko Yazawa (2025). Exceptional Nacre Thickness of Hybrid Akoya Bead Cultured Pearls. Original: Exceptional Nacre Thickness of Hybrid Akoya Bead Cultured Pearls · Archived copy: Exceptional Nacre Thickness of Hybrid Akoya Bead Cultured Pearls
- Nishka Vaz, Abeer Al-Alawi and Anukul Belanke (2026). Diverse Range of Organic-Rich Cores in South Sea Non-Bead Cultured "Keshi" Pearls. Original: Diverse Range of Organic-Rich Cores in South Sea Non-Bead Cultured "Keshi" Pearls · Archived copy: Diverse Range of Organic-Rich Cores in South Sea Non-Bead Cultured "Keshi" Pearls · DOI 10.5741/GEMS.62.1.26
- Oïhana Latchere and others (2018). Influence of water temperature and food on the last stages of cultured pearl mineralization from the black-lip pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera. Original: Influence of water temperature and food on the last stages of cultured pearl mineralization from the black-lip pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera · Archived copy: Influence of water temperature and food on the last stages of cultured pearl mineralization from the black-lip pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera · DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0193863
- Prudence J. Jones (2010). Cleopatra's Cocktail. Original: Cleopatra's Cocktail · Archived copy: Cleopatra's Cocktail · DOI 10.1353/clw.0.0169
- Russell Shor (2007). From Single Source to Global Free Market: The Transformation of the Cultured Pearl Industry. Original: From Single Source to Global Free Market: The Transformation of the Cultured Pearl Industry · Archived copy: From Single Source to Global Free Market: The Transformation of the Cultured Pearl Industry · DOI 10.5741/GEMS.43.3.200
- Shane Elen (2001). Spectral Reflectance and Fluorescence Characteristics of Natural-Color and Heat-Treated "Golden" South Sea Cultured Pearls. Original: Spectral Reflectance and Fluorescence Characteristics of Natural-Color and Heat-Treated "Golden" South Sea Cultured Pearls · Archived copy: Spectral Reflectance and Fluorescence Characteristics of Natural-Color and Heat-Treated "Golden" South Sea Cultured Pearls · DOI 10.5741/GEMS.37.2.114
- Shane Elen (2002). Update on the Identification of Treated "Golden" South Sea Cultured Pearls. Original: Update on the Identification of Treated "Golden" South Sea Cultured Pearls · Archived copy: Update on the Identification of Treated "Golden" South Sea Cultured Pearls · DOI 10.5741/GEMS.38.2.156
- Shigeru Akamatsu, Li Tajima Zansheng, Thomas M. Moses and Kenneth Scarratt (2001). The Current Status of Chinese Freshwater Cultured Pearls. Original: The Current Status of Chinese Freshwater Cultured Pearls · Archived copy: The Current Status of Chinese Freshwater Cultured Pearls · DOI 10.5741/GEMS.37.2.96
- Stefanos Karampelas and others (2019). Chemical Characteristics of Freshwater and Saltwater Natural and Cultured Pearls from Different Bivalves. Original: Chemical Characteristics of Freshwater and Saltwater Natural and Cultured Pearls from Different Bivalves · Archived copy: Chemical Characteristics of Freshwater and Saltwater Natural and Cultured Pearls from Different Bivalves · DOI 10.3390/min9060357
- Stefanos Karampelas, Emmanuel Fritsch, Jean-Pierre Gauthier and Thomas Hainschwang (2011). UV-Vis-NIR Reflectance Spectroscopy of Natural-Color Saltwater Cultured Pearls from Pinctada margaritifera. Original: UV-Vis-NIR Reflectance Spectroscopy of Natural-Color Saltwater Cultured Pearls from Pinctada margaritifera · Archived copy: UV-Vis-NIR Reflectance Spectroscopy of Natural-Color Saltwater Cultured Pearls from Pinctada margaritifera · DOI 10.5741/GEMS.47.1.31
- Wuyi Wang, Kenneth Scarratt, Akira Hyatt, Andy Hsi-Tien Shen and Matthew Hall (2006). Identification of "Chocolate Pearls" Treated by Ballerina Pearl Co.. Original: Identification of "Chocolate Pearls" Treated by Ballerina Pearl Co. · Archived copy: Identification of "Chocolate Pearls" Treated by Ballerina Pearl Co. · DOI 10.5741/GEMS.42.4.222
Books
- Changbo Zhu, Paul C. Southgate and Ting Li (2019). Production of Pearls. Original: Production of Pearls · Archived copy: Production of Pearls · DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-96776-9_5
- Emily Post (1922). Etiquette in Society, in Business, in Politics and at Home. Original: Etiquette in Society, in Business, in Politics and at Home · Archived copy: Etiquette in Society, in Business, in Politics and at Home
- Pliny the Elder; translated by John Bostock and H. T. Riley. The Natural History, Book IX, Chapter 58: Instances of the use of pearls. Original: The Natural History, Book IX, Chapter 58: Instances of the use of pearls · Archived copy: The Natural History, Book IX, Chapter 58: Instances of the use of pearls
- Project Gutenberg eBook #10. The Bible, King James Version. Original: The Bible, King James Version · Archived copy: The Bible, King James Version
- Suetonius; translated by Alexander Thomson, revised by T. Forester. The Lives of the Twelve Caesars. Original: The Lives of the Twelve Caesars · Archived copy: The Lives of the Twelve Caesars
Government sources
- Chambre territoriale des comptes de la Polynésie française (2021). Rapport d'observations définitives : Politique publique en matière des ressources marines (perliculture), exercices 2015 et suivants. Original: Rapport d'observations définitives : Politique publique en matière des ressources marines (perliculture), exercices 2015 et suivants · Archived copy: Rapport d'observations définitives : Politique publique en matière des ressources marines (perliculture), exercices 2015 et suivants
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Government of Western Australia. Pearl oyster fishery in Western Australia. Original: Pearl oyster fishery in Western Australia · Archived copy: Pearl oyster fishery in Western Australia
- FAO/UNDP Regional Seafarming Development and Demonstration Project (RAS/90/002) (1991). Pearl Oyster Farming and Pearl Culture (Training Manual 8). Original: Pearl Oyster Farming and Pearl Culture (Training Manual 8) · Archived copy: Pearl Oyster Farming and Pearl Culture (Training Manual 8)
- Fisheries Agency of Japan (水産庁) (2026). 真珠養殖をめぐる情勢について (On the situation of pearl culture). Original: 真珠養殖をめぐる情勢について (On the situation of pearl culture) · Archived copy: 真珠養殖をめぐる情勢について (On the situation of pearl culture)
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Office of Weights and Measures. SI Units – Length. Original: SI Units – Length · Archived copy: SI Units – Length
- R. Pagcatipunan (1984). Technical Assistance on Oyster and Pearl Culture in Bangladesh. Original: Technical Assistance on Oyster and Pearl Culture in Bangladesh · Archived copy: Technical Assistance on Oyster and Pearl Culture in Bangladesh
- United States Mint. Coin Specifications. Original: Coin Specifications · Archived copy: Coin Specifications
Museums
- Emma Denes (2025). How Oysters Create the Ocean's Gems. Original: How Oysters Create the Ocean's Gems · Archived copy: How Oysters Create the Ocean's Gems
- Natural History Museum, London. How do oysters make pearls?. Original: How do oysters make pearls? · Archived copy: How do oysters make pearls?
- Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. South Sea Pearl Ring (NMNH G10639). Original: South Sea Pearl Ring (NMNH G10639) · Archived copy: South Sea Pearl Ring (NMNH G10639)
- Victoria and Albert Museum, with Qatar Museums Authority (2013). Pearls (exhibition press release). Original: Pearls (exhibition press release) · Archived copy: Pearls (exhibition press release)
Reference works, news and other sources
- Jeremy Howard (2024). The /llms.txt file. Original: The /llms.txt file · Archived copy: The /llms.txt file
- Marine Stewardship Council (2017). World's first MSC certified pearls confirms sustainability of intergenerational Australian fishery. Original: World's first MSC certified pearls confirms sustainability of intergenerational Australian fishery · Archived copy: World's first MSC certified pearls confirms sustainability of intergenerational Australian fishery
- Natural Earth. Terms of Use. Original: Terms of Use · Archived copy: Terms of Use
- Saleem H. Ali and Laurent E. Cartier (2013). China's Pearl Industry: an Indicator of Ecological Stress. Original: China's Pearl Industry: an Indicator of Ecological Stress · Archived copy: China's Pearl Industry: an Indicator of Ecological Stress
- Schema.org. About Schema.org. Original: About Schema.org · Archived copy: About Schema.org
- Sotheby's (2018). Marie Antoinette's Pearls Break Auction Records in Geneva. Original: Marie Antoinette's Pearls Break Auction Records in Geneva · Archived copy: Marie Antoinette's Pearls Break Auction Records in Geneva
- The Vegan Society. Definition of veganism. Original: Definition of veganism · Archived copy: Definition of veganism
- Written by
- Learn About Pearls editors
- Fact-checked
- Learn About Pearls editors,
- Reviewed by
- Simon,
- First published
- Publisher
- Unique Pearl, a pearl jeweler
Revision history
- : First published. First published
How to cite this page
- APA
- Learn About Pearls editors. (2026). The Sources Behind Learn About Pearls. Learn About Pearls. https://learnaboutpearls.com/sources/
- MLA
- “The Sources Behind Learn About Pearls.” Learn About Pearls, Unique Pearl, November 4, 2026, learnaboutpearls.com/sources/.
- Chicago
- Learn About Pearls editors. “The Sources Behind Learn About Pearls.” Learn About Pearls. Unique Pearl. Last modified November 4, 2026. https://learnaboutpearls.com/sources/.
- BibTeX
@misc{lap-sources, title = {The Sources Behind Learn About Pearls}, author = {{Learn About Pearls editors}}, year = {2026}, howpublished = {\url{https://learnaboutpearls.com/sources/}}, note = {Learn About Pearls, published by Unique Pearl}}
Quoting with attribution and a link is welcome. See how to cite and reuse.