[
  {
    "id": "akoya",
    "names": {
      "value": {
        "common": "Akoya cultured pearl",
        "trade": [
          "Akoya"
        ],
        "synonyms": [
          "Akoya pearl"
        ]
      },
      "sources": [
        "cibjo-pearl-book-2026",
        "gia-freshwater-akoya-2026"
      ],
      "note": "CIBJO 5.5–5.6 and 9.3 (\"Akoya is the Japanese name for this pearl oyster\"). GIA (2026) calls \"freshwater Akoya\" an incorrect name for freshwater pearls."
    },
    "mollusk": {
      "value": {
        "scientific": [
          "Pinctada fucata"
        ],
        "common": [
          "Akoya pearl oyster"
        ]
      },
      "sources": [
        "cibjo-pearl-book-2026",
        "gia-freshwater-akoya-2026"
      ],
      "note": "CIBJO 5.6 writes Pinctada fucata (martensii); 9.54 says it is known in Japan as Pinctada martensii and is sometimes treated as a subspecies of Pinctada imbricata."
    },
    "water": {
      "value": "saltwater",
      "sources": [
        "gia-freshwater-akoya-2026",
        "gia-faq-pearl-types"
      ]
    },
    "origin": {
      "value": "cultured",
      "sources": [
        "cibjo-pearl-book-2026"
      ],
      "note": "CIBJO 5.6 defines the Akoya cultured pearl as a beaded cultured pearl. The oyster \"has produced limited quantities of natural pearls\" (9.3)."
    },
    "regions": {
      "value": [
        "Japan",
        "China",
        "Vietnam"
      ],
      "sources": [
        "jfa-pearl-2026",
        "gia-freshwater-akoya-2026",
        "cibjo-pearl-guide-2025"
      ],
      "note": "Japan produces most (Japan Fisheries Agency, June 2026, p. 2, which adds small amounts from South Korea). Japan's pearl farms, mostly Akoya, have produced about 12 t a year since 2021 (p. 7). CIBJO's 2025 guide (p. 216) gives rough yearly amounts of 22.5 t Japanese, 2.4 t Chinese and 2.6 t Vietnamese Akoya, and lists Australia as a newer producer."
    },
    "sizeMm": {
      "value": {
        "typical": {
          "min": 6,
          "max": 8
        },
        "range": {
          "min": 2,
          "max": 11
        }
      },
      "sources": [
        "gg-2018-small-akoya",
        "gg-2024-large-akoya",
        "jfa-pearl-2026",
        "cibjo-pearl-guide-2025",
        "gia-faq-pearl-types"
      ],
      "note": "GIA (2018) gives 2–11 mm, most commonly 6–8 mm. GIA (2024) gives an average of 6–8 mm, calls pearls over 10 mm rare, and reports strands of 11.0–12.2 mm. Japan Fisheries Agency, mainly 2–11 mm. CIBJO's 2025 guide (p. 216) says typically 2–9 mm; GIA's FAQ says typically under 9 mm."
    },
    "shapes": {
      "value": [
        "round",
        "near-round",
        "semi-baroque",
        "baroque"
      ],
      "sources": [
        "cibjo-pearl-guide-2025",
        "gg-2018-small-akoya"
      ],
      "note": "CIBJO 2025 guide, p. 216. GIA (2018) says they are typically round."
    },
    "colors": {
      "value": [
        "white",
        "cream"
      ],
      "sources": [
        "gia-freshwater-akoya-2026",
        "gia-faq-pearl-types",
        "gg-2024-large-akoya",
        "cibjo-pearl-guide-2025"
      ],
      "note": "GIA gives white to cream, with a pink overtone (FAQ) that is very often the result of processing (GIA 2024). CIBJO's 2025 guide (p. 183) says pink, white, green, cream, gold and blue are color names commonly used for Akoya."
    },
    "growingTime": {
      "value": {
        "months": {
          "min": 6,
          "max": 36
        },
        "note": "typically 10 to 14 months"
      },
      "sources": [
        "jfa-pearl-2026",
        "gg-2018-small-akoya",
        "cibjo-pearl-guide-2025"
      ],
      "note": "Japan Fisheries Agency (p. 6), half a year to a year and a half of culture after nucleation, some under half a year. GIA (2018), typically 10–14 months. CIBJO 2025 guide (p. 216), many under a year and some two to three years."
    },
    "nacre": {
      "value": "Bead-cultured, so the nacre covers a shell bead. Akoya nacre is generally thinner than that of South Sea and Tahitian cultured pearls, because the growing period is shorter and the water cooler.",
      "sources": [
        "cibjo-pearl-book-2026",
        "gg-2025-hybrid-akoya",
        "gg-2024-xray-imaging"
      ],
      "note": "GIA (2024) shows a 6.85 mm Akoya with about 0.34 mm of nacre."
    },
    "priceTier": {
      "value": {
        "basis": "Generally more expensive than freshwater cultured pearls of similar size and quality (GIA)"
      },
      "sources": [
        "gia-freshwater-akoya-2026"
      ]
    },
    "identification": {
      "value": [
        "X-ray radiography shows the shell bead and lets labs measure the nacre over it.",
        "White Akoya are routinely processed after harvest. Bleaching is common, and the pink overtone is very often the result of processing.",
        "Bead-cultured freshwater pearls can look much the same. Freshwater pearls contain more manganese and barium and less strontium, a difference labs can measure."
      ],
      "sources": [
        "gg-2024-xray-imaging",
        "cibjo-pearl-guide-2025",
        "gg-2024-large-akoya",
        "gg-2021-edison-pearls",
        "gia-freshwater-akoya-2026",
        "karampelas-2019-pearl-chemistry"
      ],
      "note": "CIBJO 2025 guide (p. 216), \"Bleaching is common\". GIA (2021) says white and light Akoya and freshwater pearls are routinely processed or treated."
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "freshwater",
    "names": {
      "value": {
        "common": "Freshwater cultured pearl",
        "trade": [
          "Edison",
          "Fireball",
          "Ming",
          "Coin",
          "Soufflé"
        ],
        "synonyms": [
          "freshwater pearl"
        ]
      },
      "sources": [
        "cibjo-pearl-book-2026",
        "cibjo-pearl-guide-2025",
        "gia-pearl-description"
      ],
      "note": "CIBJO 4.5.1.2 requires the full term \"freshwater cultured pearl\". The trade names are for bead-cultured kinds (CIBJO 2025 guide, p. 207)."
    },
    "mollusk": {
      "value": {
        "scientific": [
          "Hyriopsis cumingii"
        ],
        "common": [
          "triangle shell mussel"
        ]
      },
      "sources": [
        "cibjo-pearl-book-2026",
        "cibjo-pearl-guide-2025",
        "gia-freshwater-akoya-2026",
        "gg-2007-chinese-freshwater"
      ],
      "note": "CIBJO 9.31 calls it the Triangleshell pearl mussel. It gives most Chinese production; Hyriopsis schlegelii and Cristaria plicata are also used (CIBJO 2025 guide, p. 186), as are hybrids (GIA 2026)."
    },
    "water": {
      "value": "freshwater",
      "sources": [
        "cibjo-pearl-book-2026",
        "gia-pearl-description"
      ]
    },
    "origin": {
      "value": "cultured",
      "sources": [
        "cibjo-pearl-book-2026"
      ],
      "note": "CIBJO 5.77."
    },
    "regions": {
      "value": [
        "China"
      ],
      "sources": [
        "gia-pearl-description",
        "cibjo-pearl-guide-2025",
        "jfa-pearl-2026"
      ],
      "note": "Mainly Zhejiang, Hubei, Hunan, Anhui, Jiangsu and Jiangxi provinces (CIBJO 2025 guide, p. 186). CIBJO estimates about 1,000–1,500 tonnes a year (p. 208)."
    },
    "sizeMm": {
      "value": {
        "typical": {
          "min": 3,
          "max": 15
        },
        "range": {
          "min": 3,
          "max": 25
        }
      },
      "sources": [
        "cibjo-pearl-guide-2025",
        "gia-faq-pearl-types"
      ],
      "note": "CIBJO 2025 guide (p. 207), typically 3–15 mm non-beaded and 5–15 mm beaded, with extremes from 3 to 25 mm. GIA's FAQ says most are small, the smaller ones usually non-bead cultured and the larger ones often bead-cultured."
    },
    "shapes": {
      "value": [
        "round",
        "near-round",
        "oval",
        "coin",
        "baroque"
      ],
      "sources": [
        "cibjo-pearl-guide-2025",
        "gg-2001-chinese-freshwater",
        "gia-faq-pearl-types"
      ],
      "note": "CIBJO 2025 guide (p. 207) gives mainly round, partial-round and baroque, and Coin as a trade name. GIA (2001) describes shapes from extreme baroque to perfect round, and earlier near-round and oval \"potato\" pearls. GIA's FAQ says most are near-round or oval."
    },
    "colors": {
      "value": [
        "white",
        "cream",
        "pink",
        "peach",
        "orange",
        "lavender",
        "purple"
      ],
      "sources": [
        "cibjo-pearl-guide-2025",
        "cibjo-pearl-book-2026",
        "gia-freshwater-akoya-2026"
      ],
      "note": "CIBJO 2025 guide (p. 207), white, pink, orange, cream, dark purple, violet and mauve, with yellow and green rare. CIBJO 9.31, white to pink, lavender and deep rose. GIA, white, pink, peach and lavender."
    },
    "growingTime": {
      "value": {
        "months": {
          "min": 12,
          "max": 60
        },
        "note": "depending on the culture method and mussel"
      },
      "sources": [
        "zhu-2019-pearl-production",
        "gg-2001-chinese-freshwater",
        "gg-2007-chinese-freshwater"
      ],
      "note": "Zhu, Southgate and Li (2019, section 5.3.1), usually one to five years. GIA (2001), two to three years for 4–7 mm pearls and four to six years when culture is extended. GIA (2007), three to five years."
    },
    "nacre": {
      "value": "Most are grown from mantle tissue alone, with no bead. Bead-cultured freshwater pearls, such as Edison pearls, have a shell bead at the center.",
      "sources": [
        "jfa-pearl-2026",
        "gia-faq-pearl-types",
        "gg-2021-edison-pearls"
      ],
      "note": "Japan Fisheries Agency (p. 2) says almost all are grown without a bead. GIA (2021) describes Edison pearls as near-round to round bead-cultured freshwater pearls."
    },
    "priceTier": {
      "value": {
        "basis": "The most affordable pearl type (GIA)"
      },
      "sources": [
        "gia-freshwater-akoya-2026"
      ]
    },
    "identification": {
      "value": [
        "Freshwater pearls contain more manganese and barium and less strontium than saltwater pearls. Labs measure this directly, and through X-ray luminescence, which brightens with manganese.",
        "Some bead-cultured freshwater pearls look like Akoya and are sold as \"freshwater Akoya\", a name GIA calls incorrect.",
        "Bleaching, dyeing and optical brightening are common treatments."
      ],
      "sources": [
        "karampelas-2019-pearl-chemistry",
        "ssef-haenni-2006-keshi",
        "gia-freshwater-akoya-2026",
        "gg-2021-edison-pearls",
        "cibjo-pearl-book-2026"
      ],
      "note": "CIBJO Annex C (p. 53) lists bleaching and dyeing as common for freshwater non-beaded cultured pearls. GIA (2021) says optical brightening is routinely applied to untreated freshwater cultured pearls."
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "keshi",
    "names": {
      "value": {
        "common": "Keshi cultured pearl",
        "trade": [
          "keshi"
        ],
        "synonyms": [
          "non-bead cultured pearl",
          "beadless cultured pearl"
        ]
      },
      "sources": [
        "cibjo-pearl-book-2026",
        "gg-2021-pinctada-maxima",
        "ssef-newsletter-2010-pearls"
      ],
      "note": "CIBJO 5.105 says \"keshi\" on its own is misused and should be qualified as natural or cultured; 5.106 adds Lagniappe or Bonus cultured pearl. GIA reports don't use the word \"keshi\" (GIA 2021), and SSEF reports say beadless cultured pearl (SSEF 2010)."
    },
    "mollusk": {
      "value": {
        "scientific": [
          "Pinctada maxima",
          "Pinctada margaritifera cumingii",
          "Pinctada fucata"
        ],
        "common": [
          "South Sea, black-lipped and Akoya pearl oysters"
        ]
      },
      "sources": [
        "cibjo-pearl-book-2026",
        "gg-2021-pinctada-maxima"
      ],
      "note": "CIBJO 5.106 also names Pinctada radiata."
    },
    "water": {
      "value": "saltwater",
      "sources": [
        "cibjo-pearl-book-2026"
      ],
      "note": "CIBJO 5.106 limits the term to marine pearl oysters. Freshwater by-products in the USA are Lagniappe cultured pearls (5.107)."
    },
    "origin": {
      "value": "cultured",
      "sources": [
        "cibjo-pearl-book-2026",
        "ssef-haenni-2006-keshi"
      ],
      "note": "CIBJO 5.106, a non-beaded cultured pearl formed accidentally or on purpose. The word first described tiny pearls found while harvesting Akoya cultured pearls (Hänni 2006)."
    },
    "regions": {
      "value": [
        "wherever South Sea, Tahitian and Akoya cultured pearls are farmed"
      ],
      "sources": [
        "cibjo-pearl-book-2026"
      ],
      "note": "Keshi are a by-product of bead culturing (CIBJO 5.106), so they come from the farms of their host oysters (South-sea keshi 5.187, Tahitian keshi 5.197, Akoya keshi 5.7)."
    },
    "sizeMm": {
      "value": {
        "range": {
          "min": 1,
          "max": 16
        },
        "text": "under 1 mm to 16 mm (larger ones are very rare)"
      },
      "sources": [
        "cibjo-pearl-guide-2025",
        "ssef-haenni-2006-keshi"
      ],
      "note": "CIBJO 2025 guide (p. 222), \"sometimes <1 mm – 16 mm\", with South Sea keshi the largest. Akoya keshi are seed-sized (p. 71), usually about 2 mm or smaller (Hänni 2006)."
    },
    "shapes": {
      "value": [
        "baroque",
        "button",
        "oval",
        "drop"
      ],
      "sources": [
        "cibjo-pearl-book-2026",
        "ssef-newsletter-2010-pearls",
        "gg-2026-south-sea-keshi"
      ],
      "note": "CIBJO 5.105, essentially baroque. SSEF (2010), button, oval to drop, or baroque, with perfectly round rare. Most of the 43 South Sea keshi in GIA's 2026 study were button-shaped."
    },
    "colors": {
      "value": [
        "white to yellow",
        "gray to black"
      ],
      "sources": [
        "cibjo-pearl-book-2026",
        "gg-2026-south-sea-keshi"
      ],
      "note": "CIBJO Annex C (p. 53). Of GIA's 43 South Sea keshi, 37 were white, 3 light gray to gray and 3 silver."
    },
    "nacre": {
      "value": "No bead, and mostly solid nacre. Some South Sea and Tahitian keshi are hollow or contain a lot of organic matter.",
      "sources": [
        "gg-2021-pinctada-maxima",
        "cibjo-pearl-book-2026"
      ],
      "note": "CIBJO 5.187 and 5.197."
    },
    "identification": {
      "value": [
        "X-ray imaging shows organic-rich centers, voids or lines instead of a bead. Some of these features also occur in natural pearls, so a few results are inconclusive.",
        "Many are now grown on purpose, and most are thought to form in the gonad, while natural pearls form mainly in the mantle."
      ],
      "sources": [
        "gg-2021-pinctada-maxima",
        "gg-2026-south-sea-keshi",
        "ssef-newsletter-2010-pearls"
      ]
    },
    "wikidata": "Q6395034"
  },
  {
    "id": "south-sea",
    "names": {
      "value": {
        "common": "South Sea cultured pearl",
        "trade": [
          "golden South Sea"
        ],
        "synonyms": [
          "South Sea pearl"
        ]
      },
      "sources": [
        "cibjo-pearl-book-2026",
        "gg-2021-pinctada-maxima",
        "gia-faq-pearl-types",
        "ecfr-16-cfr-23"
      ],
      "note": "CIBJO 5.186 defines it by species (Pinctada maxima), the FTC Guides by region (16 CFR 23.21(g), saltwater mollusks of the Pacific Ocean South Sea Islands, Australia or Southeast Asia). GIA says yellow ones are often called \"Golden\" in the trade."
    },
    "mollusk": {
      "value": {
        "scientific": [
          "Pinctada maxima"
        ],
        "common": [
          "silver-lipped pearl oyster",
          "gold-lipped pearl oyster"
        ]
      },
      "sources": [
        "cibjo-pearl-book-2026",
        "gg-2021-pinctada-maxima"
      ],
      "note": "CIBJO 9.60. White pearls come from the silver-lipped oyster and golden ones from the gold-lipped oyster (GIA 2021)."
    },
    "water": {
      "value": "saltwater",
      "sources": [
        "gia-pearl-description",
        "gia-faq-pearl-types"
      ]
    },
    "origin": {
      "value": "cultured",
      "sources": [
        "cibjo-pearl-book-2026"
      ],
      "note": "CIBJO 5.186. Before culturing, pearling fleets dived for this oyster's large natural pearls (9.60)."
    },
    "regions": {
      "value": [
        "Australia",
        "Indonesia",
        "the Philippines",
        "Myanmar"
      ],
      "sources": [
        "cibjo-pearl-book-2026",
        "gia-pearl-description",
        "gg-2021-pinctada-maxima",
        "jfa-pearl-2026"
      ],
      "note": "Australia is the largest producer of white South Sea pearls; Indonesia, Myanmar and the Philippines are major producers of golden ones (GIA 2021). Japan's Fisheries Agency also lists Malaysia and Thailand."
    },
    "sizeMm": {
      "value": {
        "typical": {
          "min": 9,
          "max": 16
        },
        "range": {
          "min": 8,
          "max": 18
        }
      },
      "sources": [
        "cibjo-pearl-guide-2025",
        "gia-faq-pearl-types",
        "jfa-pearl-2026"
      ],
      "note": "CIBJO 2025 guide, typically 11–16 mm (Australia, p. 199), 9–16 mm (Philippines, p. 201) and 8–13 mm (Indonesia and nearby, p. 203), with rare pearls over 20 mm. GIA's FAQ, typically 8–18 mm. Japan Fisheries Agency, mainly 8–18 mm."
    },
    "shapes": {
      "value": [
        "round",
        "oval",
        "button",
        "drop",
        "circled",
        "baroque"
      ],
      "sources": [
        "cibjo-pearl-guide-2025",
        "gia-faq-pearl-types"
      ],
      "note": "CIBJO 2025 guide, drop, oval, round, baroque and button (p. 201), adding circlé (p. 203). GIA says most often round, but any shape occurs."
    },
    "colors": {
      "value": [
        "white",
        "silver",
        "cream",
        "champagne",
        "golden"
      ],
      "sources": [
        "cibjo-pearl-guide-2025",
        "smithsonian-south-sea-ring",
        "gia-pearl-description",
        "gg-2001-golden-south-sea",
        "gg-2012-dyed-golden"
      ],
      "note": "Overtones include pink, blue and green (CIBJO 2025 guide, p. 199). Golden color can also be produced by heat or dye (GIA 2001, 2012)."
    },
    "growingTime": {
      "value": {
        "months": {
          "min": 12,
          "max": 36
        },
        "note": "two to three years in Australia and the Philippines"
      },
      "sources": [
        "cibjo-pearl-guide-2025",
        "gg-2021-pinctada-maxima"
      ],
      "note": "CIBJO 2025 guide, one pearl every two to three years in Australia (p. 199) and the Philippines (p. 201), every one to two years for Asian South Sea pearls (p. 203). GIA (2021) says a minimum of two years."
    },
    "nacre": {
      "value": "Bead-cultured, with the thickest nacre of the bead-cultured types, typically 1.5–3.0 mm.",
      "sources": [
        "gg-2021-pinctada-maxima",
        "gia-pinctada-maxima-surface-2021"
      ]
    },
    "identification": {
      "value": [
        "X-ray radiography and microtomography show the bead and help separate bead-cultured, non-bead cultured and natural pearls.",
        "Golden color can be natural, or produced by heat or dye; labs tell them apart with UV-visible spectroscopy, fluorescence and photoluminescence."
      ],
      "sources": [
        "gg-2021-pinctada-maxima",
        "gg-2024-xray-imaging",
        "gg-2001-golden-south-sea",
        "gg-2002-golden-south-sea",
        "gg-2012-dyed-golden"
      ]
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "tahitian",
    "names": {
      "value": {
        "common": "Tahitian cultured pearl",
        "trade": [
          "black pearl",
          "Tahiti cultured pearl"
        ],
        "synonyms": [
          "Tahitian pearl"
        ]
      },
      "sources": [
        "cibjo-pearl-book-2026",
        "gia-pearl-description",
        "gg-2011-tahitian-spectra"
      ],
      "note": "CIBJO 5.195–5.196, with 4.2.3 limiting place names to pearls grown there. GIA says they are sometimes called black pearls, and that they are marketed as Tahitian, \"black\" South Sea or simply \"black\" cultured pearls (GIA 2011)."
    },
    "mollusk": {
      "value": {
        "scientific": [
          "Pinctada margaritifera cumingii"
        ],
        "common": [
          "black-lipped pearl oyster"
        ]
      },
      "sources": [
        "cibjo-pearl-book-2026",
        "pf-loi-2017-16",
        "gia-pearl-description"
      ],
      "note": "CIBJO 9.58 and French Polynesian law (Loi du pays 2017-16) name the variety cumingii; GIA uses the species name Pinctada margaritifera."
    },
    "water": {
      "value": "saltwater",
      "sources": [
        "gia-pearl-description",
        "gia-faq-pearl-types"
      ]
    },
    "origin": {
      "value": "cultured",
      "sources": [
        "cibjo-pearl-book-2026",
        "pf-loi-2017-16"
      ],
      "note": "CIBJO 5.196. Natural pearls from this oyster in French Polynesia are Tahitian natural pearls (5.198)."
    },
    "regions": {
      "value": [
        "French Polynesia"
      ],
      "sources": [
        "cibjo-pearl-book-2026",
        "gia-pearl-description",
        "jfa-pearl-2026"
      ],
      "note": "The oyster is also farmed in the Cook Islands, New Caledonia and Okinawa (CIBJO 9.58; Japan Fisheries Agency), but under CIBJO 4.2.3 and 5.196 only pearls from French Polynesia are Tahitian."
    },
    "sizeMm": {
      "value": {
        "typical": {
          "min": 8,
          "max": 14
        },
        "range": {
          "min": 8,
          "max": 20
        }
      },
      "sources": [
        "gia-faq-pearl-types",
        "cibjo-pearl-guide-2025",
        "latchere-2018-tahitian",
        "jfa-pearl-2026"
      ],
      "note": "GIA's FAQ, typically 8–14 mm. CIBJO 2025 guide (p. 205), typically 4–15 mm, with 15–20 mm an important but low-volume range and rare pearls over 20 mm. A 2018 study, 9–20 mm. Japan Fisheries Agency, mainly 7–16 mm."
    },
    "shapes": {
      "value": [
        "round",
        "oval",
        "button",
        "drop",
        "circled",
        "baroque"
      ],
      "sources": [
        "cibjo-pearl-guide-2025",
        "gia-faq-pearl-types"
      ],
      "note": "CIBJO 2025 guide, p. 205. GIA's FAQ says most often round, but any shape occurs."
    },
    "colors": {
      "value": [
        "gray",
        "greenish gray",
        "black",
        "brown"
      ],
      "sources": [
        "gia-pearl-description",
        "gia-faq-pearl-types",
        "cibjo-pearl-guide-2025"
      ],
      "note": "GIA gives gray, black or brown, with blue, green, purple or pink overtones, and names greenish gray as the most common color (FAQ). CIBJO's 2025 guide (p. 205) lists peacock, green, cherry, aubergine, blue, pistachio, gold, silver and red overtones."
    },
    "growingTime": {
      "value": {
        "months": {
          "min": 18,
          "max": 24
        }
      },
      "sources": [
        "latchere-2018-tahitian",
        "cibjo-pearl-guide-2025"
      ],
      "note": "CIBJO 2025 guide (p. 205), one bead-cultured pearl per oyster every two years."
    },
    "nacre": {
      "value": "Bead-cultured, with the bead placed in the gonad. French Polynesia used to require at least 0.8 mm of nacre; since its 2017 pearl law, a nacre check is voluntary.",
      "sources": [
        "cibjo-pearl-book-2026",
        "pf-loi-2017-16",
        "pf-ctc-2021-perliculture"
      ],
      "note": "CIBJO 5.196. Loi du pays 2017-16, Art. LP 22 and LP 102. The 2021 audit report (section 2.1.1) traces the 0.8 mm check to délibération 2005-42 APF of 4 February 2005 and describes its end."
    },
    "identification": {
      "value": [
        "A reflectance feature near 700 nm is a key sign of the black-lipped oyster; pearls from Pinctada mazatlanica share it.",
        "Some are treated, for example bleached to \"chocolate\" brown or modified to \"pistachio\" green. French Polynesian law requires treated pearls to be labeled as treated."
      ],
      "sources": [
        "gg-2016-mazatlanica",
        "gg-2011-tahitian-spectra",
        "gg-2006-chocolate-pearls",
        "gg-2016-pistachio-pearls",
        "pf-loi-2017-16"
      ],
      "note": "Loi du pays 2017-16, Art. LP 3 (a Tahitian cultured pearl is naturally colored and untreated) and LP 10 (treated pearls carry the word \"traitées\" or the treatment)."
    },
    "wikidata": "Q7675555"
  }
]